20 de outubro de 2020 , por
It shows constellation figures but not individual stars, although the stars may have been painted on the stone. They make their appearance in drawings and texts inside coffin lids of the 10th dynasty (about 2100 bce) and are shown on the tomb ceilings of Seti I (1318–04 bce) and of some of the Rameses in Thebes. In China a handful of configurations show similarity to those of the West, including the scorpion, the lion, the hunter (Orion), and the northern dipper, suggesting the possibility of a very old common tradition for a few groups but otherwise almost complete independence. Recognition of the constellations can be traced to early civilization. The Zodiac of Dandarah illustrates the Egyptian decans and constellations, but since it incorporates the Babylonian zodiac as well, many stars must be doubly represented, and the stone can hardly be considered an accurate mapping of the heavens. Fourteen additional southern constellations were formed by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille after his visit to the Cape of Good Hope in 1750.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that a flat representation of the sky, in the form of a planisphere using a stereographic projection, had come into use by the beginning of the present era.
It included an early use of constellation boundaries, a concept accepted and refined by 19th-century cartographers. An example survives in the so-called Farnese Globe at Naples, the most famous astronomical artifact of antiquity. The earliest known western maps of the skies of the Northern and Southern hemispheres with both stars and constellation figures date from 1440; preserved in Vienna, they may have been based on two now-lost charts from 1425 once owned by the German astronomer and mathematician Regiomontanus. This provided the basis for the astrolabe, the earliest remaining examples of which date from the 9th century ce. For planet locations down load the freeware program Home Planet for Windows 95 by John Walker. By far the most important list of stars and constellations still extant from antiquity appears in the Almagest of Ptolemy (flourished 2nd century ce). In India a complete list of nakshatra are found in the Atharvaveda, providing evidence that the system was organized before 800 bce. The Mesopotamian arrangement of constellations has survived to the present day because it became the basis of a numerical reference scheme—the ecliptic, or zodiacal, system. The system of lunar mansions, however, may have a common origin even earlier in Mesopotamia. Ptolemy’s catalog of 1,022 stars remained authoritative until the Renaissance. Friedrich W.A. The decans appear to have provided the basis for the division of the day into 24 hours. Centuries later Ptolemy’s Almagest still described the stars of Libra with respect to the ancient figure of the scorpion. Besides representing star configurations as decans, the Egyptians marked out about 25 constellations, such as crocodile, hippopotamus, lion, and a falcon-headed god. Most modern scholars take the zodiac as a Babylonian invention; the oldest record of the zodiacal signs as such is a cuneiform horoscope from 419 bce. The constellations and other sky divisions, Relationship of the bright stars and their constellations. Their constellations can be divided into northern and southern groups, but the various representations are so discordant that only three constellations have been identified with certainty: Orion (depicted as Osiris), Sirius (a recumbent cow), and Ursa Major (foreleg or front part of a bull).
Ancient peoples sometimes named individual bright stars rather than groups; sometimes the name of the group and its brightest star were synonymous—as in the case of the constellation Aquila and the star Altair (Alpha Aquilae), both names meaning “flying eagles”—or were used interchangeably as in the case of both the star Arcturus (Alpha Boötis, “bear watcher”) and the constellation Boötes (“plowman”).
At least four quadrantal hsiu that divided the sky into quarters or quadrants were known in China in the 14th century bce, and 23 are mentioned in the Yüeh Ling, which may go back to 850 bce.
Ptolemy’s placement of the stars within apparently well-known figures indicates the earlier existence of star maps, probably globes. Nevertheless, Ptolemy’s star list presents a curious puzzle. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In England the Great Bear (Ursa Major), or Big Dipper, was still called Charles’s Wain (or Wagon) in Shakespeare’s day: This form derives from Charlemagne and, according to The Oxford English Dictionary, apparently from a verbal association of the name of the bright nearby Arcturus with Arturus, or Arthur, and the legendary association of Arthur and Charlemagne. Then Pieter Dircksz Keyser, a navigator who joined the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595, added 12 new constellations in the southern skies, named in part after exotic birds such as the toucan, the peacock, and the phoenix. The most famous Egyptian star map is a 1st-century-bce stone chart found in the temple at Dandarah and now in the Louvre. Many of them are associated with Greek myths and legends.
Argelander’s Uranometria Nova (1843) and Benjamin A. Gould’s Uranometria Argentina (1877–79) standardized the list of constellations as they are known today. Print a framed star chart with your personal message to forever remember my star moment. It contains ecliptic coordinates and magnitudes (measures of brightness) for 1,022 stars, grouped into 48 constellations. Two other astronomical reference systems developed independently in early antiquity, the lunar mansions and the Egyptian decans.
Drawings of these astronomical animals appear on Babylonian boundary stones of the same period, and the earlier occurrence of these motifs on prehistoric seals, Sumerian vases, and gaming boards suggests that they may have originated as early as 4000 bce. In the star list of the Almagest, Ptolemy cites only about a dozen stars by name, describing the others by their positions within the constellation figures.
Chinese Tunhuang manuscript, the oldest existing portable star map (excluding astrolabes), The constellation Aries (the Ram) and others, from Johann E. Bode's. This occurred about 450 bce, when the ecliptic was clearly recognized and divided into 12 equal signs of the zodiac. Constellation maps divide the celestial sphere into 88 parts, known as constellations, helping astronomers locate stars and deep sky objects. Clicking on the star map shows a more detail constellation sky map. The evidence suggests that Ptolemy, who for over a century has been considered a mere compilator, should be placed among the first-rank astronomical observers of all ages.
If astrolabes are excluded, the oldest existing portable star map from any civilization is the Chinese Tunhuang manuscript in the British Museum, dating from about 940 ce. The decans are 36 star configurations circling the sky somewhat to the south of the ecliptic. In 1515 the noted German painter Albrecht Dürer drew the first printed star maps, a pair of beautiful planispheres closely patterned on the Vienna manuscripts. His catalog, put together in 1420–37, was not printed until 1665, by which time it had already been surpassed by European observations.
The Night Sky helps you create a personalized custom star map that shows the alignment of the stars on the date and location of your choice.
The southernmost heavens, invisible at the latitude of Alexandria, naturally went unobserved. The first Hellenic globe of the sky was made by Thales of Miletus, having fallen into a ditch or well while star-gazing.
The southern constellations were introduced in 1601 on a celestial globe by J. Hondius and in 1603 on the globe of Willem Blaeu and on a single plate in the Uranometria of Johann Bayer. They divided Ptolemy’s largest constellation, Argo Navis (the ship), into four parts: Vela (the sail), Pyxis (the compass), Puppis (the stern), and Carina (the keel).
Ptolemy divided his stars into six brightness, or magnitude, classes. The surviving fragments of the fresco show parts of 37 constellations and about 400 stars.
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