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[64][67] Camp's take on the subject virtually ended the debate for approximately 70 years, with nearly all subsequent studies supporting a relationship with monitor lizards. [19], The second skull arrived at the National Museum of Natural History, France in 1795, where it is now cataloged as MNHN AC 9648. Russell's description of the tribe was based on the belief that Plotosaurus was not closely related to Mosasaurus, which was classified into a separate tribe called the Plotosaurini. [7][28], The type specimen of the second species M. missouriensis was first discovered in the early 1830s, recovered by a fur trapper near the Big Bend of the Missouri River. [82] Other marine reptiles included elasmosaurid plesiosaurs such as Aristonectes and another indeterminable elasmosaurid unrelated to the former. He purchased the fossil and subsequently sent it to naturalist Georg August Goldfuss of the University of Bonn for research. These localities include the Midwestern and East Coast of the United States, Canada, Europe, Turkey, Russia, the Levant, the African coastline from Morocco to South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and Antarctica. Analysis of the tooth marks have concluded that the mosasaurs were either Mosasaurus or Platecarpus. Wied, a German explorer, ethnologist, and [7], The diagnosis of the Mosasaurus holotype was published in a 2017 peer-reviewed paper co-authored with Caldwell. Of the mosasaurs, Globidens phosphaticus is the characteristic species of the southern province; in the African and Arabian domain, Halisaurus arambourgi and ’Platecarpus ptychodon’ [95](a dubious taxon that may represent various mosasaurs such as Gavialimimus or Platecarpus somenensis[100]) were also the dominant mosasaurs. ones. There are about 40 known species. [14][17], Unlike its renowned contemporary, the first skull TM 7424 was not seized by the French after the capture of Maastricht. A widely known ratio is one recorded by Russell (1967), who wrote that the "given length of jaw equals 10% of body length. One such bone is a quadrate (NHMM 003892) that is 150% larger than the average size; during the 5th Triennial Mosasaur Meeting in 2016, Everhart et. [63] In this case, Bell proposed that the Mosasaurini should be abandoned and that all members of the tribe should be incorporated into the Plotosaurini. [5], Mosasaurus is a member of the order Squamata (which comprises of lizards and snakes) and the type genus of the family Mosasauridae and subfamily Mosasaurinae. reptiles like giant turtles, marine crocodiles, plesiosaurs, and even preying A rediagnosis of the type specimen in 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species to be within the genus and another five species still nominally classified within Mosasaurus are planned to be reassessed in a future study. In 1822, English doctor James Parkinson published a conversation that included a suggestion made by Llandaff dean William Daniel Conybeare to refer to the species as the Mosasaurus as a temporary name until Cuvier decided on a permanent scientific name. The teeth of P. saturator are much more robust than those of M. hoffmannii and were specifically equipped for preying on robust prey like turtles. This does not mean that Mosasaurus and its associated fauna may have survived the K-Pg extinction; there are several alternate explanations as to why these animals have been found in nominally Cenozoic deposits. This reptile inhabits nearshore marine environments, though its bulk requires it to maintain some distance from intertidal zones. Habitat Mosasaurs breathed air, were powerful swimmers, and were well-adapted to living in the warm, shallow epicontinental seas of the Upper Cretaceous. In the third stage, the developing crown firmly cements itself within the resorption pit and grows in size; by the fourth stage, it is of the same size as the crown in the original tooth. This fish is much longer than the length of the mosasaur's skull, which was measured at 66 centimeters (26 in) in length, confirming that M. missouriensis was macrophagous and consumed prey larger than its head by dismembering and consuming bits at a time. These species include one comparable with M. lemonnieri and another that appears to be closely related to M. hoffmannii. the others, like the tylosaurus, were the According to Faujas, Hoffmann was the original owner of the specimen, which he purchased from the quarrymen and helped excavate. [95], Many of the earliest fossils of Mosasaurus were found in Campanian deposits in North America, including what was once the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea that flowed through what is now the central United States and Canada and connected the Arctic Ocean to the modern-day Gulf of Mexico. In this case, there were signs of healing around the wound, signifying that the victim survived the attack. [19] The fossil had already become part of Cuvier's first speculations on the possibility of species going extinct, which paved the way for his theory of catastrophism or "consecutive creations", one of the predecessors of the theory of evolution. [45] In a 2014 study, Federico Fanti et. He identified eight species that he considered valid—M. The morphological build of M. hoffmannii, nevertheless, was best adapted for a pelagic surface lifestyle. Mosasaurus did not utilize permanent teeth and constantly shed them. North America, but probably even further afield, The early Native Americans drew images of However, the skull of M. hoffmannii is characterized by a rigid three-pivot geometric cranial structure, which indicates that its jaw mechanics were different than modern lizards; these cranial structures are united into strong interlocking sutures that can resist compression and shear forces caused by a downward thrust of the lower jaw muscles or an upward thrust of prey. [44], A more recently developing approach is through a biogeochemical one, compared to the earlier method of measuring δ13C levels in the enamel of Mosasaurus teeth. There are several implications for δ13C levels in the feeding ecology of mosasaurs. [l][39] However, Russell used a primitive method of phylogenetics since cladistics had yet to be widely established. In recent studies, the confirmation of paleogeographical affinities extends this range to areas across the Atlantic including Brazil and the East Coast state of New Jersey. While the evidence suggest that the Native Americans from the Midwestern parts of In M. lemonnieri, these olfactory organs, although still small, are better developed and has some of the components that M. hoffmannii lack, suggesting that it had a more improved sense of smell. completely different phylogenetic results by simply adding more datasets), which resulted in various conflicts creating even more uncertainty. First, the genus was severely underrepresented by incorporating only the three North American species M. hoffmannii/M. largest. Because of its earlier description, Harlan's taxon took priority, making the final scientific name M. Several discovered fossils illustrated deliberate attacks on Mosasaurus individuals by members of the same species. The body size Paris’s French National Museum. Dr. C. K. Hoffman who studied the skeletal remains and presumed them to be belonging Harlan thought it belonged to a species of Ichthyosaurus based on perceived similarities with the skeletons from England in features of the teeth and positioning of the nostrils and named it Ichthyosaurus missouriensis. Like most advanced mosasaurs, the tail bends slightly downwards as it approached the center, but this bend is at a small degree with little offset from the body. M. lemmonieri had the most vertebrae in the genus, with up to around forty dorsal vertebrae, twenty-two pygal vertebrae, and ninety caudal vertebrae. maximus, M. missouriensis, and M. conodon; by doing so, other important species such as M. lemonnieri, which is one of the most completely known in the genus, were neglected, which affected the results of the phylogenetic analyses. [64] The proposition of a snake relationship was spearheaded by Cope, who first published such a hypothesis in 1869 by proposing that mosasaurs, which he classified under a group called the Pythonomorpha, was the sister group of snakes.
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