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[8] In Terre Haute, Indiana, about 23% of attacks by male Cooper's hawks and 20% by females were successful and were far more prone to being carried out in relatively open areas than those of nearby sharp-shinned hawk. canopy coverage are generally thought to need to be at least at 60-70%. [8] However, there are several known cases of adult eastern cottontails falling prey to Cooper's hawks, including cottontails estimated to weigh from 1,100 to 1,290 g (2.43 to 2.84 lb). [338] Huge male home ranges were found for breeding ones in New Mexico, at 1,206 ha (2,980 acres), and in north Florida, at 1,460 ha (3,600 acres), probably due to dispersed prey resources. With the sharp-shinned hawk, the Cooper's locally also shared a liking for American robins and black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus). Discover them all with Birds of the World. Friesen, L. E., Casbourn, G., Martin, V., & Mackay, R. J. Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Stewart, A. C., Murphy, R. K., Grosshuesch, D. A., & Bozek, M. A. mammal-hunters such as Buteos).
Largely, the young are quiet until they leave the nest when they begin their loud, persistent hunger calls.
[7][47][188] Even among water birds, nonetheless, a wide diversity may be taken, from the tiny 22.9 g (0.81 oz) least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) to an adult mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) estimated to weigh 1,150 g (2.54 lb) when taken. [7] The bowing display reported in Wisconsin, usually (but not always) done by the male, may be a sign to the other mate of their readiness to nest build.
Emslie, S. D., Speth, J. D., & Wiseman, R. N. (1992). Hull, J. M., Pitzer, S., Fish, A. M., Ernest, H. B., & Hull, A. C. (2012). [118] Frequent aggressive interactions were recorded between females, often yearling and 2nd year vs older females. & Nyhof, M.A. Although not known to be taken profusely in all studied urban locales, house sparrows were the leading prey in a study from Michigan, were nearly a third of observed delivered prey at nests in Victoria, British Columbia (although were outnumbered by robins in prey remains) and reportedly were the leading prey in Milwaukee and in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
Morrison, J. L., Terry, M., & Kennedy, P. L. (2006). [5] The young Cooper's hawks are frequently loud, voracious and aggressive in procuring food from the parents. Pinkerton, M. E., Wellehan Jr, J. F., Johnson, A. J., Childress, A. J., Fitzgerald, S. D., & Kinsel, M. J. [323] In southwest Tennessee, a male Cooper's hawk had a home range size of 331 ha (820 acres) and 4 females had an average range of 869 ha (2,150 acres). Deem, S. L., Terrell, S. P., & Forrester, D. J.
[135] Like other Accipiters (but unlike falcons), Cooper's appear to not start moving until day is warmer and thermals can be used. Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Rosenfield, L. J., Taft, S. J., Murphy, R. K., & Stewart, A. C. (2002). [7][56][96] Hunting hawks typically utilize forest edge, open woodland and fencelines and such while hunting. Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., Anderson, R. K., & Papp, J. M. (1991). [186] Blue jays and other related species are among the most diligent mobbing birds in response to the presence of a Cooper's hawk although sometimes may let out an alarm call or even imitate a Cooper's calls merely to frighten other birds from a desired food source. [45] Furthermore, juveniles can differ somewhat in size, tending to be slightly lighter and smaller than older birds, but not infrequently averaging longer in tail and especially wing length. Bosakowski, T., Speiser, R., Smith, D. G., & Niles, L. J.
Reynard, G. B., Short, L. L., Garrido, O. H., & Alayón, G. G. (1987). [201][202][203][204] However, crows are potentially dangerous prey to Cooper's hawks.
[56] When attaining water to drink, Cooper's hawks appear to prefer to come to relatively secluded waterways. Richardson, C. T., & Miller, C. K. (1997). [59] In Terre Haute, Indiana, mourning doves and rock doves were 14% and 21% of the diet, respectively. [7] One estimate claims that most prey of Cooper's hawks weighs from 15 to 166 g (0.53 to 5.86 oz), with male and female averages of 37.6 and 50.7 g (1.33 and 1.79 oz). Regardless, size can be extremely misleading when telling Cooper's from Sharp-shinned Hawk or Goshawk in flight. Snyder, N. F., Snyder, H. A., Lincer, J. L., & Reynolds, R. T. (1973). [7] New hatchling young average about 28 g (0.99 oz) in body mass and are about 9 cm (3.5 in) in total length. [5][341] Often nests are lined by the Cooper's pair with bark or odd bits of greenery. [93] Data from Oregon showed that 74% hatched and 61.4-69% successfully fledged, a much lower rate of nest success than goshawks, at 90.4%, and, surprisingly, than sharp-shinned hawks, at 91.7%. Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) were taken of up to adult size but fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) were only taken as juveniles, as the adults, sometimes scaling up to 1,350 g (2.98 lb), were apparently too formidable for the Cooper's. Adult American crows are about the same size as a female Cooper's hawk and can potentially cause considerable damage to a lone raptor during group mobbing, being capable of inflicting damage with both their feet and bill.
[7][46] In northern Florida, males averaged 288 g (10.2 oz) and females averaged 523 g (1.153 lb). Haughey, C. L., Nelson, A., Napier, P., Rosenfield, R. N., Sonsthagen, S. A., & Talbot, S. L. (2019). [63][64][65] The other two species in North America are the smaller sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus) and the larger northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). [5] The young grow is rapid for the period when they are 17 days old to about 23 days, growth then slows down abruptly before they nearly pause growth to feather out and then thereafter become fully grown. Rosenfield, R. N., Bielefeldt, J., & Vos, S. M. (1996). (2013). Breeding of Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii) in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Kneeland, M. C., Koprowski, J. L., & Corse, M. C. (1995). (1996).
Foss, L., Padgett, K., Reisen, W. K., Kjemtrup, A., Ogawa, J., & Kramer, V. (2015). [7] This species can seem to cross some bodies of water unlike most sharp-shinned hawks but seldom do so over wide bodies of water. Often, sharp-shinned hawk nests are lower in the trees and placed in much denser vegetation (often even the sharp-shins with their smaller frames themselves accidentally strike against branches while attempting to enter the nest), in order to hide the nest more sufficiently against predators. [33] During sky-dances by males, the wings are raised high over back in a wide arch with slow, rhythmic flapping, similar to the flight of a nighthawk, with exaggerated down strokes. (2015).
Smallwood, J. [157][158] The Cooper's hawk does attack birds attracted to bird feeders with a fair amount of frequency. 616 to 993 km (383 to 617 mi).
However, an occasional set is reported as lightly spotted. Deal, E., Bettesworth, J., & Muller, M. (2017). [237][238][239] Juveniles usually are the more vulnerable and more regularly taken of non-quail galliforms by Cooper's hawks, but the hawks can take adults quite regularly despite the prey’s relatively large size. [414][415] In Wisconsin and British Columbia only 2.7% of 145 studied nestlings had Trichomoniasis. [365] On the contrary, in the early 1990s (while the species was generally recovering), the species was considered to be “state-endangered” in New Jersey, with ongoing harmful effects found for poorly-regulated (or entirely unregulated) logging and land development within 40 to 120 m (130 to 390 ft) of active nests. For dynamic distribution maps, visit the eBird website.). Bosakowski, T., Smith, D.G. [6][370] Records of 2 egg clutches may usually be laid by yearling females. Pattee, O. H., Fuller, M. R., & Kaiser, T. E. (1985). Greeney, H. F., Meneses, M. R., Hamilton, C. E., Lichter-Marck, E., Mannan, R. W., Snyder, N., Wethington, S.M. Morishita, T. Y., Fullerton, A. T., Lowenstine, L. J., Gardner, I. [5][291] In one case, after a great horned owl pair failed to successfully breed in a nest built by other Cooper's hawks, a pair of Cooper's who tried to nest was supplanted by horned owls, possibly of the same pair who had previously failed. [5][165][268][269], In some areas, respectable numbers of reptiles may be hunted. [47][59][179][261] Sizes of tree squirrels taken by Cooper's hawks were studied in Missouri.
However, no correlation was found between the age of the pair and apparent breeding site quality and time of breeding or annual productivity (though older females may lay slightly earlier than yearlings in most cases). [132], Migratory movements in the autumn are generally between late August to mid-October, peaking at the end of September and beginning of October in the east, but sometimes migration extend into November. Aldinger, K. R., Bakermans, M. H., Larkin, J. L., Lehman, J., McNeil, D. J., Tisdale, A., & Fearer, T. (2015). Compared to related species, they tend to have moderate-length wings, a long, often graduated or even wedge-shaped tail and long though fairly thick legs and toes.
[2] Juveniles can tend to appear more “disheveled” and less compact than adults in feather composition. [8][50] Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), at 107 g (3.8 oz) a larger western cousin of the blue jay, are also regularly selected in various studies, such as all studied areas of Oregon and New Mexico, where it was the second most regularly selected of prey species at 11.7% of 316 prey items.
Sterner, M. C., & Espinosa, R. H. (1988). [143] In central and southwestern Idaho, Cooper's hawk accounted for relatively few of the recorded raptors, i.e. [7][62] A Cooper's hawk is estimated to kill an average of two birds a day, or 700 birds a year. [2][7][60] The higher pitched calls of the young may even extend to females nesting within their first year while still in immature plumage. [330] 1 nest per 734 ha (1,810 acres) in central Wisconsin, 1 nest per 2,321 ha (5,740 acres) in northwestern Oregon and 1 nest per 2,200 ha (5,400 acres) in eastern Oregon. The clutch size in Wisconsin is on average 1-3 eggs smaller in immature females. [1][2][73] Cooper's hawks live almost throughout the contiguous United States, excepting some parts of the southern Great Plains, as well as perhaps a bit of northwestern Maine and northernmost Montana. [177][50][185][179][208][209] During harsh late winter weather in Wisconsin, Cooper's hawks were recorded to eke out an existence living largely off of pine siskins (Spinus pinus). American beeches (Fagus grandifolia) in New York (nearly 40% of nest trees used) and oaks in Maryland (60% of trees used as nests). [192][250] In Missouri, the widely found eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) was the most significant contributor of biomass, making up 14.5% of the total biomass.
[386] Greater dispersal distances by female juveniles are probably meant to limit the likelihood of inbreeding. [3] When large quadrupeds walk under the nest, the female may utter a semi-alarm call but does not leave the nest. [401][402][403][404] In Indiana and Illinois, mortality from collisions were somewhat more prevalent in Cooper's hawks than in sharp-shinned hawks but instances of predation on immature sharp-shins were three times more prevalent than predations on immature Cooper's.
(2004).
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