20 de outubro de 2020 , por
Koncernens omfattande utlåning till stater under 1920-talet bidrog starkt till att kapital från främst USA finansierade en stor del av uppbyggnaden av Europa efter första världskriget. Från att ursprungligen under tidigt 1900-tal ha grundat och utvecklat byggföretaget Kreuger & Toll Byggnads AB, med armerad betong som specialitet, skapade Kreuger genom expansiva investeringar och innovativa finansinstrument ett omfattande tändsticks- och finansimperium[a] som i slutet av 1920-talet kontrollerade merparten av världens hela tändsticksproduktion och en rad stora svenska industrikoncerner. Med kapitalet förvärvades aktier i främst tändsticksföretag, svenska industriföretag och fastigheter, men också i en rad företag och fastigheter i Europa. Investors paid $94.50 in return for the right to receive interest of $6.50 per year for 20 years (6.5 percent of the hundred dollars principal amount.). Vid den tidpunkten sysselsatte den svenska tändsticksindustrin i tillverkningsledet cirka 9 000 personer. A merger between this company with several other small match companies in Sweden, the company AB Svenska Förenade Tändsticksfabriker[26] was founded in 1913 with Ivar Kreuger as the general manager. Kreuger set up an affiliate to Kreuger & Toll AB in the United States, and together with Lee, Higginson & Co. in New York, formed the International Match Corporation. These bonds gave investors the right to receive annual interest payments of 6.5 percent from International Match, which was an attractive rate at the time. The chief engineer behind these advanced projects was Henrik Kreüger.
Några dagar senare var det bestämt att de skulle sammanträffa i Berlin med riksbankschefen Ivar Rooth. Räntan på en participating debenture var till skillnad från räntan på en vanlig obligation skattefri och lockade både småsparare och stora investerare. STAB rekonstruerades genom ett statligt lån som de kunde betala tillbaka inom ett par år. I don't think this book has been translated into english. Such schemes had been around for a long time (e.g. AB Kreuger & Toll under ledning av Ivar Kreuger blev ett holdingbolag med en rad vitt skilda verksamheter. From 1925 to 1930, years when many countries in Europe were suffering after the First World War, Kreuger's companies gave loans to governments to speed up reconstruction.
Das von ihm erlangte Zündwarenmonopol lief in Deutschland erst 1983 aus. Som anställd i konsultföretaget Purdy & Henderson under åren 1902–1903, som utförde konstruktions- och beräkningsarbeten åt bland annat byggföretaget Fuller Construction Co., deltog han i uppförandet av flera skyskrapor på Manhattan i New York, bland annat den spektakulära Flatiron Building (1902). Han återvände flera gånger till USA där han tillbringade den mesta tiden och i huvudsak arbetade för ett flertal företag som utförde konstruktions- och beräkningsarbeten åt byggföretag, bland annat vid The Consolidated Engineering & Construction Co. och Purdy & Henderson i New York.
He was the Leonardo of their craft. "A 3-part series on the life and death of Ivar Kreuger".
In Canada, for example, an estimated 20% to 25% of companies currently listed on the TSX make use of some form of dual-class share structure or special voting rights. Systemet med participating debentures innebar att man utgav skuldebrev med utdelningsmöjlighet. Samtidigt hade också Paul Toll på byggfirman Kasper Höglund, som tidigare hade anlitat Henrik Kreüger som konsult, vidtalats om att ingå i den nya firman.
At the time of his death in 1932, assets were worth about $200 million, which was half of what Kreuger claimed in financial statements. Between 1925–1930 Schéle was a manager for the Kreuger business in India. He also made $5M (c. $75 million in today's currency) due to the way the loan to France was structured. Bekannt wurde der heute noch erhaltene, geschwungene Vorstandssaal mit dem ebenso geschwungenen Tisch. covering the full education program in both faculties in four years is impossible.
Brev til Sune Scheele (som jobbet for Kreuger 1919-32 og var ansvarlig for Kreuger-konsernets virksomhet i India i årene 1925-30) og Ivars søster Britta er ikke offentliggjort.
The total number of employees working in match production in Sweden in 1917 was around 9000. The second Poland agreement also contained some extraordinary protection for International Match including a binary foreign exchange option, a kind of derivative contract,[40] to protect International Match from any declines in the value of the dollar: "International Match Corporation shall have the right to obtain payment of interest in Dutch guilders or US dollars according to its choice and for all such payments one dollar shall be counted as 2½ guilders. [g] Brevet till Littorin, som var på engelska, hade följande lydelse: Ivar Kreuger ligger begravd i familjegraven på Norra begravningsplatsen i Stockholm. ”Filmsekvens med Mary Pickford och Douglas Fairbanks i Stockholm 1924”, https://web.archive.org/web/20090821010514/http://svtplay.se/v/1370334/oppet_arkiv/pickford_och_fairbanks_pa_besok_i_stockholm__utan_ljud, Webbplats Qikrux, internlänkar 'Kreuger manuscripts → Kreuger trust organisation'. Ivars och Ingeborgs favoritplats under sommaren när tid gavs var på deras egen skärgårdsö Ängsholmen, dit han också ofta bjöd den närmaste vänkretsen och de personer som tillhörde den inre kretsen av chefer i Kreugerkoncernen. Majestic var et atlanterhavsgående dampskip tilhørende rederiet, https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11758, http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12535949z, http://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/45685354, http://norrabegravningsplatsen.se/kandisarna/, https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Kreuger&oldid=20558199, Medlemmer av Kungliga Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien, Artikler hvor gravlagt hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor partner(e) hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor utdannet ved hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor beskjeftigelse hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor nasjonalitet hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor utmerkelser hentes fra Wikidata, Artikler hvor bilde er hentet fra Wikidata - biografi, Artikler med autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata, Creative Commons-lisensen Navngivelse-Del på samme vilkår. Kreugers Vorfahren waren (mit dem Namen Kröger) in der ersten Hälfte des 17.
He did not use it; however, from then on he had rubber stamps made of official signatures of almost all his match deals. Ivar Kreuger, född 2 mars 1880 i Kalmar stadsförsamling, död 12 mars 1932 i Paris, var en svensk ingenjör, företagsledare och finansman, känd som grundare av Kreugerkoncernen. Han återvände till Europa först i mars 1932 med båten Ile de France och vidare båttåg till Paris dit han anlände den 11 mars.
Unbestreitbar ist, dass Kreuger zahlreiche mächtige Feinde hatte.
Många företag och privatpersoner hade investerat stora delar av sitt kapital i Kreugers bolag som man under många år ansett vara utomordentligt säkra investeringar – tillgångar som gick förlorade när AB Kreuger & Toll samt IMCO (det amerikanska dotterföretaget till STAB) förklarades i konkurs. Kreuger loi imperiuminsa tulitikkuteollisuudella kahden maailmansodan välillä ympäri Eurooppaa .
Monopol eller monopolliknande förhållanden rådde på 25 av dessa marknader. A replica of the boat has been built.[14]. Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers. "[43] It turned out that Ivar formed the company with Paul, who had several years of practical experience in the construction business as an engineer, and was later site manager for the Swedish construction company Kasper & Höglund AB.[1]. Ivar became a member of the board.
Indeed, accountants in the early 1900s "fiercely resisted efforts to impose strict accounting standards". Kreuger was then advised by his banker Oscar Rydbeck to turn the factories into a stock corporation in order to raise more capital. On August 10, 1911 the company changed to AB[3] with the registered name Kreuger & Toll AB. A Foreign Affairs report from 1930 had judged that of the $630m worth of assets the company claimed to have, $200m came from the match business, $30m were in the bank, and the other $400m were merely categorized as "other investments". Brennan, Boris - The Billion Dollar Murder. (It had been discounted and although France received only $70 million it was obligated to pay back $75 million. In order to grant him more loans, the government required that a complete statement of accounts of Kreuger's entire company group be presented, as the bank's (Sveriges Riksbank) own calculations showed that Kreuger & Toll finances were far too weak to give him more loans.
Zweedse zakenman Ivar Kreuger onderneemt zakenreis per vliegtuig in 1930.
Sveriges befolkning 1917 uppgick till cirka 5,5 miljoner; i arbetsför ålder (65%) cirka 3,6 milj personer. Han hade även lägenheter i Berlin, New York och Warszawa. Although Kreuger did this to some extent, he also controlled many legitimate and often very profitable businesses, and owned banks, real estate, a gold mine, and pulp and industrial companies, besides his many match companies. [23], Kreuger formed Swedish Match by merging his father's business with other match factories he had quietly bought during World War I. Han föredrog att tillbringa sin fritid mellan de många arbetsmötena tillsammans med en mindre krets goda vänner som var väl insatta i koncernens verksamhet. On business tours in Europe, he preferred to meet his business associates in Paris and then stayed in his flat at 5, Av. Kreuger had private apartments in Stockholm, New York, Paris, and Warsaw, and a country place used during the summer season on the private island Ängsholmen[12] in the archipelago of Stockholm. This invention gained rapid acceptance by others, e.g. Ericsson history, Ivar Kreuger becomes the major share holder. Under 1930 hade han skaffat sig aktiemajoriteten i bolaget varefter han 1931 sålde aktierna till Ericssons huvudkonkurrent i USA, International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), för 11 miljoner dollar.
"[63] But the forgery of Italian bonds was outright fraud. Its initial capital was around $10 million (c. $150 million in today's currency [3]) and Ivar owned about half of it, held all senior positions and controlled the board of directors. Early 1908, Ivar and his cousin Henrik Kreüger planned to establish a construction company that would work for the US company Trussed Concrete Steel Co. on the Swedish market to represent its new building methods based on reinforced concrete. This list may not reflect recent changes (). Part of his attraction for investors were the high dividends Kreuger & Toll paid. Ivar Kreuger, švedski poslovnež, * 2. marec 1880, Kalmar, Švedska, † 12. marec 1932, Pariz, Francija. Where less than such a majority is owned, the shares are included as investments.
I egenskap av majoritetsägare i SF blev han ibland inbjuden att träffa dåtidens stora filmstjärnor. Engelskans 'trussed concrete' motsvarar svenskans 'armerad betong'. After founding the pulp manufacturer SCA, in 1929 Kreuger was able to acquire the majority shares in the telephone company Ericsson; the mining company Boliden (gold); major interests in the ball bearing manufacturer SKF; the bank Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget and others.
Nationalencyklopedins webbupplaga, NE.se.
Sidan redigerades senast den 15 juli 2020 kl. Av bolagets samtliga aktier, 450 000 aktier, innehade Kreuger personligen 223 000 aktier och Kreuger & Toll AB, 60 000 aktier. Kreuger was born in Kalmar, the eldest son of Ernst August Kreuger (1852–1946), an industrialist in the match industry in that city,[9] and his wife Jenny Emelie Kreuger (née Forssman; 1856–1949).
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